How to Run Faster

How do runners generate speed?

Most runners aim to complete a given distance in the quickest time possible. Whether it is a 5km or a marathon, the person who covers the distance in the fastest time wins. A runner’s speed is simply the number of steps taken per minute multiplied by their step length - this is an indisputable mechanical fact and there is no hiding from it.

In equation form: Speed = Cadence x Step Length

A group of runners who run together could all be moving at approximately the same speed, but each would be generating that speed with their unique combination of cadence and step length. This is because some runners will be moving with a relatively high cadence and relatively low step length; others will be running with lower cadence but higher step length.

The specific cadence and step length that each runner selects for a given speed will be down to a range of physical, physiological and possibly tactical factors. Generally, an increase in speed requires the runner to increase either cadence or step length or a combination of both.

Reaching maximum speed

When running at the fastest speed, a runner will run with their chosen combination of cadence and step length. Any attempt to increase speed from this point will create a “negative interaction” between cadence and step length. Continuing to increase cadence will ultimately require the runner to drop step length, and vice versa. When this negative interaction happens, the runner has essentially reached their maximum speed for their current fitness level.

Training to improve speed

Overcoming this negative interaction for cadence and step length is where appropriate training helps. An athlete can train to improve their physical and physiological capacities to allow them to maintain a higher cadence (through specific running drills) as well as longer step lengths (through strength and conditioning exercises) without increasing levels of fatigue.

Research has consistently shown that most runners self-select a cadence that is slightly lower than optimal and most would benefit from a 5-10% increase in cadence, which in turn should lead to an associated improvement in running economy (better running economy means fewer calories burned per km). A modest increase in cadence may also help minimise the risk of overuse injuries.

Focusing on weak points

Once a runner is aware that running speed/pace is a direct outcome of cadence and step length, then they can aim to make pace improvements by focusing on the contributing factors. By focusing attention on making improvements to technique, improvements in speed will happen as a result. The great advantage of prioritising the underlying factors rather than purely just trying to run faster is that the runner will discover which of the two factors (cadence or step length) is limiting for them or is suffering as they fatigue. With this knowledge, they can adapt their training and prioritise development of the weaker factor.